Boletim epidemiológico: perfil epidemiológico dos casos de brucelose humana em Goiás entre 2018 e abril de 2023 / Epidemiological bulletin: epidemiological profile of cases of human brucellosis in Goiás between 2018 and April 2023

Boletim que tem como objetivo demosntrar qual é o perfil epidemiológico dos casos humanos de brucelose no estado de Goiás, além de fazer o comparativo dos municípios com focos da doença em animais , haja vista que se trata de uma zoonose de ampla distribuição mundial e que gera impactos econômicos e sociais. Trata-se de um estudo desenvolvido baseado no banco de dados do Sistema de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN-NET), do Gerenciador de Ambiente Laboratorial (GAL), de dados fornecidos pela agência Goiana de Defesa Agropecuária (AGRODEFESA) e da Coordenação Estadual de Zoonoses da Gerência de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Doenças Transmissíveis GVEDT/SUVISA-SES-GO da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Goiás (SES/GO). É um estudo de caráter quantitativo, descritivo e retrospectivo entre janeiro de 2018 e abril de 2023, com dados analisados baseados em casos notificados e confirmados de brucelose humana por município de residência

Bulletin that aims to demonstrate the epidemiological profile of human cases of brucellosis in the state of Goiás, in addition to comparing municipalities with outbreaks of the disease in animals, given that it is a zoonosis with a wide worldwide distribution and that generates economic and social impacts. This is a study developed based on the database of the Diseases and Notification System (SINAN-NET), the Laboratory Environment Manager (GAL), data provided by the Goiana Agricultural Defense agency (AGRODEFESA) and the State Coordination of Zoonoses of the Epidemiological Surveillance of Communicable Diseases Management GVEDT/SUVISA-SES-GO of the State Department of Health of Goiás (SES/GO). It is a quantitative, descriptive and retrospective study between January 2018 and April 2023, with analyzed data based on reported and confirmed cases of human brucellosis by municipality of residence

First genome sequence of Chilean Brucella canis SCL strain provides insights on the epidemiology and virulence factors, explaining differences between geographical origins

BACKGROUND: Brucella canis is the etiological agent of canine brucellosis, a worldwide neglected zoonosis that constitutes one of the major infectious causes of infertility and reproductive failure in dogs. Although genomic information available for this pathogen has increased in recent years, here we report the first genome sequencing of a B. canis strain in Chile, and the differences in virulence genes with other B. canis strains. RESULTS: Genome assembly produced a total length of 3,289,216 bp, N50 of 95,163 and GC% of 57.27, organized in 54 contigs in chromosome I, and 21 contigs in chromosome II. The genome annotation identified a total of 1981 CDS, 3 rRNA and 36 tRNA in chromosome I, and 1113 CDS and 10 tRNA in chromosome II. There is little variation between the different strains and the SCL isolate. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Chilean SCL strain is closely related to B. canis and B. suis strains. Small differences were found when compared to the Serbian isolate, but all strains shared the same recent common ancestor. Finally, changes in the sequence of some virulence factors showed that the SCL strain is similar to other South American B. canis strains. CONCLUSIONS: This work sequenced and characterized the complete genome of B. canis strain SCL, evidencing the complete presence of all the genes of the virB operon, and minor changes in outer membrane proteins and in the urease operon. Our data suggest that B. canis was introduced from North America and then spread throughout the South American continent.

Zoonosis and veterinary waste disposal in rural practice / Zoonosis y disposición de desperdicios veterinarios en la práctica rural

The objectives of this study were to estimate: (a) the frequency of zoonoses in large animal veterinarians from rural areas of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and (b) to describe the use and disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE) and selective veterinary clinical waste. A cross-sectional study was carried out on large animal veterinary practitioners in the Province of Buenos Aires (n = 106). One third (29.2%) of them had been diagnosed with a zoonosis by laboratory-methods, being brucellosis the most frequent (22.6%). The more years passed since their graduation, the greater the chances of becoming ill (p < 0.001). Gloves were the most adopted PPE; however, other elements had little or no use at all. Older and experienced professionals used PPE less frequently than young inexperienced practitioners. Some PPE was frequently reused and the final disposal of veterinary waste was often inappropriate. A change in behavior is an urgent need to preserve not only the veterinarians' health but also their families' wellbeing and to ensure proper disposal of potentially hazardous waste.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron los siguientes: a) estimar la frecuencia de zoonosis en veterinarios de grandes animales que desarrollan su labor en la provincia de Buenos Aires; b) describir el uso y la disposición de los elementos de protección personal (EPP) y otros residuos generados durante el trabajo de estos veterinarios. Para ello se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de 106 profesionales. En un tercio de ellos (29,2%) se había sido diagnosticado por métodos de laboratorio alguna zoonosis; la brucelosis fue la más frecuente (22,6%). Se encontró que a mayor tiempo transcurrido desde la graduación, mayor era la probabilidad de enfermarse (p< 0,001). Sobre la base de las respuestas obtenidas en cuestionarios estructurados, se determinó lo siguiente: que los guantes fueron el EPP más adoptado, mientras que otros elementos tuvieron escasa o nula adopción; que los profesionales de mayor edad y experiencia usaron EPP con menos frecuencia que los practicantes más jóvenes e inexpertos; y que algunos EPP se reutilizaban con frecuencia y que la eliminación final de los desechos veterinarios fue a menudo inapropiada. Considerando estos hallazgos, es claro que se requiere un cambio de comportamiento para preservar no solo la salud de los veterinarios, sino también para asegurar el bienestar de sus familias y garantizar la eliminación adecuada de los residuos potencialmente peligrosos.

Guidelines for the management of human brucellosis in the State of Paraná, Brazil

Abstract Human brucellosis is a re-emerging disease with the potential for bioterrorism. The number of cases in Brazil has increased; however, the ideal management has not been established. These guidelines are intended for use by clinicians and other health-care workers providing medical care for patients with suspected brucellosis in the State of Paraná. We included a brief description of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prevention of exposure, prevention of disease by chemoprophylaxis, treatment of disease, monitoring of adverse effects during treatment, management of treatment failure and relapse cases.

Detección serológica de Brucella suis, virus de influenza y virus de la enfermedad de Aujeszky en criaderos porcinos familiares de menos de 100 madres en Argentina / Serological detection of Brucella suis, influenza virus and Aujeszky's disease virus in backyard and small swine holders in Argentina

Los criaderos porcinos de menos de 100 madres representan más del 99% de los de todo el país; sin embargo, existen escasos reportes sobre su situación sanitaria y productiva. Se recabó información productiva y se tomaron muestras para detectar anticuerpos contra Brucella suis (Bs), virus de la enfermedad de Aujeszky (VA) y virus de influenza (VI) en 68 establecimientos de menos de 100 madres ubicados en la región norte, centro y sur del país. El 80% de los establecimientos fueron positivos al VI H1 pandémico 2009, el 11% al H3 clúster 2, mientras que el 11,7% presentó anticuerpos contra el VA y el 6% contra Bs. Ninguno de los productores conocía los factores de riesgo para la transmisión de enfermedades del cerdo al humano. El 47% compra sus reproductores a pares o en ferias. En lo que respecta a normas de bioseguridad, solo el 16% de los establecimientos tenía cerco perimetral y el 37% de las granjas contaba con asesoramiento veterinario. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la caracterización productiva y el relevamiento sanitario son de suma importancia para mejorar la productividad y reducir el riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades. El conocimiento de la situación sanitaria y de los factores de riesgo es necesario para conseguir un mejor control y la erradicación de enfermedades en sistemas de baja tecnificación. Se deberían llevar a cabo estudios más representativos a nivel país para detectar los agentes circulantes y, sobre la base de esta información, implementar medidas de prevención y control.

Farmers raising less than 100 sows represent more than 99% of swine producers in Argentina, although little is known about their sanitary status and productive characteristics in the country. Sanitary and productive information was obtained. Furthermore, samples for serological studies were taken to detect antibodies against Brucella suis (Bs), Aujeszky's disease virus (AV) and influenza virus (IV) in 68 backyard and small producers with less than 100 sows located in the north, central and south regions of Argentina. Antibodies against H1 pandemic were detected in 80% of the farms while 11%, 11.7% and 6.0% of the producers were positive to influenza H3 cluster 2, AV and Bs, respectively. None of the producers was aware of the risk factors concerning the transmission of diseases from pigs to humans. A percentage of 47% of them buy pigs for breeding from other farmers and markets. With regard to biosecurity measures, only 16% of the farms had perimeter fences. The results of this study demonstrate that productive characterization and disease surveys are important to improve productivity and to reduce the risk of disease transmission among animals and humans. The study of sanitary status and risk factors is necessary for better control and eradication of diseases in backyard or small producers. More representative studies at country level should be carried out to detect the pathogensthat circulate and, with this knowledge, to implement prevention and control measures.

Brucelosis: zoonosis de importancia en México / Brucellosis: a zoonosis of importance in Mexico

Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most frequent zoonosis in most parts of the world. This zoonosis remains a great problem to public health in developing countries, although developed countries have successfully controlled it. Mexico still shows a high annual brucellosis incidence in humans; thus, the country is considered around the world as an endemic brucellosis country. Aim: To describe the connection/association between this zoonosis and the current epidemiological situation in the Mexican population. Methods: Perusal of research reports, epidemiological studies and veterinarian reviews performed in Mexico, using data bases such as PubMed, Thompson Reuters, Mesh research. Conclusion: The risk of infection by Brucella in Mexico is associated with the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, mainly fresh cheeses.

Introducción: La brucelosis es una de las enfermedades zoonóticas más frecuentes en la mayor parte del mundo. Mientras que en los países desarrollados han logrado con éxito su control, en los países en vías de desarrollo continúa siendo un gran problema de salud pública. México continúa presentando alta incidencia anual de brucelosis en humanos, por lo que es considerado un país endémico de brucelosis. Objetivo: Describir la relación de esta zoonosis con la situación epidemiológica actual en la población de México. Material y Métodos: Consulta de reportes de investigación, estudios epidemiológicos y revisiones veterinarias, realizadas en México, a través de bases de datos como PubMed, Thompson Reuters y Meshresearch. Conclusión: El riesgo del contagio de Brucella spp. en México está asociado al consumo de productos lácteos sin pasteurizar, principalmente quesos frescos.

Epidemiología de la brucelosis caprina y ovina en la provincia de Formosa, Argentina / Epidemiology of caprine and ovine brucellosis in Formosa province, Argentina

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de brucelosis en 516 majadas caprinas o mixtas (caprinos/ovinos) de las 3 regiones agroecológicas de la provincia de Formosa, Argentina. Mediante las pruebas de aglutinación en placa con antígeno tamponado y de fijación del complemento en suero se estudiaron un total de 25.401 caprinos y 2.453 ovinos. Además, se realizaron cultivos bacteriológicos y PCR en muestras de leche de cabras de 3 majadas con brucelosis y abortos recientes. Se detectó brucelosis en 4 de los 9 departamentos de la provincia, la prevalencia global fue del 2 % y la intrapredial varió entre el 1 y el 40%. La proporción de majadas positivas fue del 3,6, el 12 y el 36 % para las regiones este, centro y oeste, respectivamente. Se aisló Brucella melitensis bv. 1 de cabras por primera vez en la provincia. La PCR amplificó fragmentos esperados de 827 pb correspondiente al gen omp2ab (Brucella spp.) y de 731 pb correspondiente al inserto IS711 (B. melitensis). La detección de anticuerpos en ovinos que cohabitan con caprinos sugiere que las infecciones habrían sido causadas por B. melitensis, lo que constituye un riesgo adicional para la salud pública. Los programas de control y erradicación de la brucelosis deberían considerar las majadas mixtas como una sola unidad epidemiológica. Los resultados indican que la brucelosis por B. melitensis bv. 1 es altamente endémica en las regiones centro y oeste de la provincia de Formosa.

An epidemiological study of brucellosis was carried out in 516 goats and mixed flocks (goat/sheep) from the three agro-ecological regions of Formosa province, Argentina. Serum samples from a total of 25401 goats and 2453 sheeps were analyzed using buffered plate agglutination test (BPAT) and complement fixation test (CFT). Bacteriological and PCR analyses on milk samples from goats in three flocks with a history of brucellosis and recent abortions were also performed. Brucellosis was detected in four of the nine departments of the province with an overall prevalence of 2 % and an intra-flock prevalence ranging between 1 % and 40 %. The proportion of infected flocks was 3.6 %, 12 % and 36 % for the eastern, central and western regions, respectively. Brucella melitensis bv. 1 was isolated efrom goats for the first time in the province. The expected fragments of 827 bp from the omp2ab gene (Brucella spp.) and 731 bp from the insert IS711 (B. melitensis) were amplified by PCR. Detection of antibodies by BPAT and FCT in sheep cohabiting with goats suggests that infections could have been caused by B. melitensis, posing an additional risk to public health. Control and eradication programs for brucellosis should consider mixed flocks as a single epidemiological unit. The results indicate that brucellosis by B. melitensis bv1 is highly endemic in the central and western regions of Formosa province.

Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Brucella ovis e anti-Brucella abortus em ovinos do município de Colinas, Tocantins, Brasil / Prevalence of anti-Brucella ovis and anti-Brucella abortus in sheep in the city of Colinas, Tocantins, Brazil

A brucelose é uma enfermidade infecciosa, causada por bactérias do gênero Brucella spp. responsáveis por desordens reprodutivas nos animais, especialmente nos ruminantes. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a presença de anticorpos anti-Brucella ovis e anti-Brucella abortus em ovinosde 14 propriedades cadastradas na Associação de Ovinocultores do município de Colinas, Tocantins,Brasil. Para isso, amostras de soro de 450 ovinos foram analisadas por meio da aglutinação rápida em placa com Antígeno Acidificado e Tamponado (AAT) e, quando reagentes, foram realizados os testes de Aglutinação Lenta em Tubos (SAT) e 2-Mercaptoetanol (2-ME) para pesquisar cepas lisas (B. abortus). Para a pesquisa de cepas rugosas (B. ovis), foi realizada a Imunodifusão em Gel de Ágar (IDGA) e, quando reagente, foi realizada a Fixação de Complemento (FC). Das amostras analisadas,142 (31,6por cento) reagiram ao teste de IDGA, dentre estas, apenas 4 (2,8por cento) foram confirmadas na FC.Ante o AAT, apenas 20 (4,4por cento) se mostraram positivas, das quais 14 (70por cento) foram confirmadas noSAT/2-ME. Os resultados obtidos nos testes de FC e SAT/2-ME e analisados pelo Teste de Fisher e OR demonstraram significância estatística entre a positividade e a faixa etária, sendo maior a chance de um animal em reprodução ser positivo para brucelose.

Respuesta humoral y consecuencias reproductivas en ovejas desafiadas con Brucella ovis al final de la gestación / Immune response and reproductive consequences in experimentally infected ewes with Brucella ovis during late pregnancy

La brucelosis ovina por Brucella ovis es una enfermedad de prevalencia alta en Argentina. Para evaluar la patogenicidad de B. ovis y la respuesta serológica durante el último mes de gestación, 6 ovejas se distribuyeron en dos grupos: G1, ovejas preñadas, n = 4 y G2, ovejas no preñadas, n = 2. Tres ovejas del G1 (15 días preparto) y una del G2 fueron inoculadas con B. ovis. Se analizaron muestras de suero mediante diferentes pruebas serológicas. Se realizó aislamiento y PCR a partir de mucus cérvico-vaginal (mcv), placenta y leche. En las muestras de placenta se realizó histopatología. Las hembras del G1 parieron corderos vivos; se detectaron anticuerpos en las ovejas desafiadas del G1 a partir de los 5 días posinoculación. El mcv de las ovejas desafiadas resultó negativo al aislamiento en ambos grupos. Las muestras de leche del G1 fueron positivas por cultivo y PCR a B. ovis. La técnica de PCR resultó positiva en las placentas de las ovejas desafiadas del G1. La histopatología reveló una placentitis necrótica supurativa en una de las ovejas desafiadas. El desafío con B. ovis preparto resultó en la invasión de la placenta y de la glándula mamaria, con la consecuente excreción de la bacteria por leche. La infección con B. ovis indujo una respuesta humoral temprana en las ovejas. La colonización de la placenta por B. ovis y la excreción de la bacteria por la leche sugieren un potencial riesgo de infección activa para los corderos y la posibilidad de que estos se comporten como portadores latentes de la infección.

Ovine brucellosis by Brucella ovis is a highly prevalent disease in Argentina. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of B. ovis and the serological response in ewes during late pregnancy and in their offspring. Six adult ewes were distributed in two groupsGI (pregnant females, n = 4) and G2 (nonpregnant females, n = 2). Three pregnant ewes at 15 days prepartum and one nonpregnant eve were inoculated with B. ovis. Sera of sheep and their offspring were analyzed by different serological tests. Samples of cervicovaginal mucus, placenta and milk were studied by bacteriology. A Brucella genus-specific PCR assay was carried out in placenta and milk samples. Placenta samples were hystopathologically processed. G1 females gave birth to live lambs, but one died hours postpartum. Serological techniques employed detected antibodies in serum of inoculated pregnant animal 5 days postchallenge. Sera of female controls G1 and G2 remained negative throughout the study. Cervicovaginal mucus of infected ewes in G1 and G2 yielded negative results to bacteriology, but B. ovis was isolated from milk. The PCR assay was positive for the placenta and milk from inoculated pregnant ewes. Histopathology revealed necrotic suppurative placentitis in one placenta. However, although results demonstrated that B. ovis can invade the placenta and mammary gland, this bacterium did not cause abortion when it was inoculated intravenously at 15 days prepartum. B. ovis infection induced an early humoral response in pregnant ewes, but their lambs remained seronegative, indicating that there was no transfer of antibodies in infancy. Placenta colonization and milk excretion of B. ovis involves a potential source of infection for lambs, which could play a role as latent carriers of infection.

Zoonotic brucellosis: an underestimated or misdiagnosed disease in Egypt

Over six months, 329 suggestive consecutive brucellosis human cases were diagnosed in attending the out-patients clinics of Al Azhar and Ain Shams Universities Hospitals and Giza Governorate Farmers. They were 100 females and 229 males with ages ranged between 15-65 years old. A total of 213 [64.75%] were working in dairy farm and/or consumed raw milk, 16 [14.85%] used home slaughtering of sheep, and 100 [30.4%] were working in Giza Government slaughter-house. Clinically and by ELISA-IgM 259 out of 329 the subjects were proven brucellosis patients [77.8%]. Besides, other patients had toxoplasmosis, or Schistosomiasis mansoni or fascioliasis. Double infection was encountered with toxoplasmosis and either schistosomiasis or fascioliasis. The causes of endemic liver parasitosis that may give false-clinical diagnosis were excluded. Signs and symptoms of brucellosis patients were fever [91.5%], chills [84.1%], Myalgia [69.5%], headache [58.2%], fatigue [77.2%], anorexia [54.1%], tachycardia [38.6%], hepato-and/or splenomegaly [46.2%], lymphadenopaqthy [19.6%] lower back abdominal pain [8.8%] and/or constitutive symptoms [13.1%]

Comparison of infection by brucella spp: in free-ranging and captive wild animals from São Paulo State, Brazil

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the infection rate by Brucella spp. in wild and in captive animals. Serum samples from 121 animals (94 free-ranging and 27 captive) of different mammal species were evaluated. Sera were submitted to rose Bengal test (RBT) for screening and serum agglutination tests (SAT) and 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME) for confirmatory results. Nine animals (five free-ranging and four captive) tested positive in RBT, but negative in the confirmatory tests. Several domestic animal diseases that have control programs are not focused on wild reservoirs, such as brucellosis in Brazil. The study of new reservoirs in wildlife is essential to prevent emerging diseases.

Brucelosis: una revisión práctica / Brucellosis: a practical revision

La brucelosis es una enfermedad zoonótica causada por bacterias pertenecientes al género Brucella que ocasiona problemas de salud importantes entre los individuos que ingieren alimentos contaminados o mantienen un estrecho contacto con el ganado. En el presente trabajo se describen, brevemente, algunas características de las bacterias de este género, la patología que producen, la respuesta inmune que desencadenan y se destaca la metodología empleada en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad, tanto en el hombre como en los animales. Se profundiza además en los aspectos presentes y futuros de las vacunas preventivas. Finalmente, se considera en particular a la brucelosis humana, describiendo su cuadro clínico, los métodos directos e indirectos de diagnóstico y la interpretación de sus resultados con el objeto de contribuir a esclarecer aspectos relevantes que deben tenerse en cuenta para un correcto seguimiento de la infección.

Brucellosis in Arusha and Manyara Regions; Tanzania: A Challenge to Public Health

Setting: Karatu; Ngorongoro; Babati; Mbulu and Hanang districts in Arusha and Manyara regions; Tanzania. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted in Karatu; Ngorongoro; Babati; Hanang and Mbulu districts in Arusha and Manyara regions between July and September 2002. Review of Hospital records and interview with district medical officers; hospital Incharge and clinicians were conducted.Results: Out 170;345 patients who attended hospitals in Babati; Dareda; Karatu; Hydom; Katesh; Wasso; Endulen and Mbulu hospitals in the year 2001; 619(0.36) were diagnosed as having brucellosis. It was found out that women suffer from brucellosis more than males. Out of 619 cases of brucellosis reported in the year 2001; 432 (69.8) were females and 187(30.2) were males. Most of the patients were of the age between 16-35 (46.3) i.e. after school age compared to the middle aged 36-50 (30.4). Few cases were found in the pre school age (7 years); school age (7-15) and old age (50 years) Conclusion There is a need to carry out a study that will establish the burden caused by brucellosis in the area. This should also include investigating the relationship between infection in animals and that in humans. There is also a need to investigate the burden of the disease to the community as well and not only to those who attend hospitals. Factors that favor acquisition of brucellosis to animals and subsequent transmission to humans must be explored and pointed out clearly so that the communities can be made aware of and hence minimize the chances for transmission of brucellosis

Risco de brucelose zoonótica associado a suínos de abate clandestino: notas e informaçöes / Zoonotic brucellosis risk associated with clandestine slaughtered porks: notes and information

Um total de 59 amostras de soros de suínos, procedentes de vários locais de abate clandestino, apresentaram ao "card test" e à soroaglutinação rápida anticorpos anti-Brucella e títulos de anticorpos sugestivos de infecção brucélica. Ações e medidas de vigilância sanitária são recomendadas para prevenir o risco potencial de infecção brucélica zoonótica

study on brucellosis in Al-Anbar governorate

One hundred-twenty three cases of brucellosis were studied. The disease affected both sexes, all age groups, and different occupations. The study revealed that there were more cases from rural than urban areas, and children were less affected than adults and lowest infections were in Winter, The clinical features were similar to that described in the previously published series. All patients showed initial response to treatment with different regimens utillizing one or more of the aritibrucella drugs: tetracyclin, streptomycin. cotrimoxzole and rifampicin. The disease a public health problem which deserves registry and implementing measures of control